Permanent Olympic site

Tokyo won the right to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. It got me to revisit an idea I had some time ago for a permanent Olympic site. To host the Games every four years at the one site would avoid all the disruptive urban destruction and social dislocation that befalls each host city. It would provide a place for training for younger athletes especially from the less wealthy parts of the world and a site for international gatherings of young people around arts and culture as well as sports. On the other hand it would mean no renewal of the Barcelona waterfront, the remediation of Homebush Bay in Sydney or the lower Lea Valley in London. But for every Barcelona and Sydney there is also an Atlanta and Beijing where the poor were displaced and further marginalized.

I spoke with the the young journalist Nate Berg about the idea and he produced a finely crafted piece in The Atlantic.


http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/09/two-words-olympics-island/6797/

Olympic Stadium, Athens (Photo: John Rennie Short)

Stress Testing The USA

My new book Stress Testing The USA is just published. Here is a very short video interview about the book. Be sure to change the quality dial so that you see it at 720p in HD.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcUEyXn28hI

Go to college and live longer

As a college professor it is very much in my own interest that people attend college.  But there are other good reasons. Graduating from college is associated with improved employment opportunities and increased earnings.  A recent paper also highlights the longer term health benefits and mortality rate. Kasey Buckles, an economics professor at the University of Notre Dame and three colleagues looked at the effect of college graduation on how long people live. Looking at the mortality records from 1981 to 2007, for white men born in the USA between 1942 and 1953, they show that completing college reduces mortality substantially, close to thirty per cent relative to the mean. For cancer deaths it means a reduction of 25.9 per 1,000. For the entire cohort, if you did not go to college you were 2.21 times more likely to die by 2007 than those who did go.

Many factors are at work. College educated folks may be less likely to smoke or drink excessively- although that was not my own undergraduate experience. Differential incomes play a major role; the better off have better health insurance, better health provision and better health outcomes. While social scientists unravel the dense circuitry of causal connections, remember, graduating from college really is good for you. You live longer.  

Buckles, K., Malamud, O., Morrill, M. S., and Wozniak, A. (2012). The Effect of College Education on Health (No. 6659). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

Lean In To Power

There is a lot of discussion of the new book by the Chief Operating Officer of Facebook, Sheryl Sandbergh. Lean In is a brief and breezy book that gives advice about leadership and negotiation. My only comment on the recent discussion is the emphasis on gender at the expense of everything else. Sandbergh writes from a position at the top of the corporate hierarchy. Fine. But a woman, or a man, making millions of dollars in compensation giving us advice while most people are struggling to get by has its limitations. As a guide to the corporate elite it is useful but since most of us do not inhabit this rarefied world the advice is limited. As an early memoir by a successful executive, no doubt with excellent editorial help as befits a corporate titan, it is acceptable. A guide for other woman, I think not. And yet much of the discussion is about the book as if it was a guide for women in the plural, as if the gender category can paper over a variety of experiences. Gender is entwined with race and class and age and sexual orientation. In terms of life chances a rich woman is different from a poor woman, their shared gender separated by a chasm of economic, political and social difference. The single category of woman is just too broad a term to stretch over the vast and often deepening fissures of social difference. Sandberg is a rich white women, not just a woman and while she shares the same gender as a maid working for minimum wages, their differences outweigh the singular similarity of gender. And any argument to the contrary is blather.  

There is lot of this type of blather about single categories, such as race, as if the intersection and combination with other categories of social difference, such as class and gender and sexual orientation, are unimportant. The single categories, such as gender or race, do not trump other forms of difference despite the tendency for movements to settle on these single issues. The world is more complex and we are more diverse. Consider Oprah Winfrey, a very, very rich black woman. She is as similar to Warren Buffet, a very, very rich old white man as she is to someone who only shares her ethnicity.The blather has a purpose.  It is the meat and drink of aspirational societies because its delusional assumption is that with hard work, a few tweaks, or perhaps the advice from someone successful, we could all make it to the very top. Hearing from a rich white women is thus supposed to give nurture to all women. This aspirational tosh allows an easy focus on single issues such a gender or race, without locating them in a wider socio-economic context or inserting them into broader and deeper issues of power and its distribution. And it has the underlying anti-progressive assumption that if we have more women as CEOs or more blacks or more gays then that is social advancement for all women, blacks and gays.

The real issue facing us is not about the gender of the elite or the race composition of power brokers; it is about how we transform the very relationship of power. The real struggle is about extending the rights of full citizenship to as many people, as possible and extending the limits of this citizenship. It is not about changing the composition of the boardrooms, it is about making the boardrooms less powerful.

Ai Weiwei Exhibition at Hirshhorn

I visited the Hirshhorn Museum in DC to see the new exhibition of Ai Weiwei’s work, which was a revelation for me as I usually have a skeptical distance from conceptual art.  Ai’s work alludes to the distant artistic past, embraces Duchamp, nods to Jasper Johns, and mimes Minimalism, yet is also firmly set in the present. The work is beautiful, moving even, but without letting us forget the compromised world we live in.

What attracts me in particular is his engagement with the transformation of contemporary China. His ready-made sculpture comprising old bicycles, temple wood and reclaimed furniture references the ransacking of the past in the making of the present. He sprays Coca-Cola logos on Neolithic vases and dips Han dynasty vases in bright modern colors. There are also his more urban-inspired works.  Provisional Landscapes is a series of photos of the liminal spaces between demolition and construction that marks the Chinese urban scene.  There are the many photographs documenting the building of the Bird’s Nest 2008 Olympic stadium. Chang’an Boulevard is a 10-hour video--I did not see it all--shot every 50 meters along the 45-kilometer route. It provides a visual east-west transect from Beijing’s outer suburbs through the central city and out the other side. The Second Ring is a one-hour video of traffic along the second-ring motorway that encircles Beijing. Both videos provide the urban geographer in me with a visual handle on urban transformation.

There are the spatial works that quote maps and boundaries. Map of China is a five-foot high solid map of China made from recycled ironwood. Fragments is an installation of antique furniture and pillars from temples that he shapes to make a giant map of China.

There are the political works. Brain Inflation is two blown-up images of his brain scan taken after his beating from security police. He responds to the Sichuan earthquake of 2008, not only in photographs and through the names of the victims printed on an entire wall text but also in two other compelling pieces. A traditional Chinese serpent, which on closer inspection is made up of hundreds of school kids’ backpacks, coils and winds its way around the exhibition space’s ceilings; it is a requiem for the many children killed when their shoddily built school buildings collapsed. Wenchuan Steel Rebar is a deceptively Minimalist floor piece consisting of 40 tons of rebar steel reclaimed from the wreckages of the earthquake.  A large ‘crack’ in its steel surface as it undulates across the floor recalls a quake’s rolls and fractures.

Ai Weiwei’s work is political but transcends glib agitprop.  It was a memorable experience to see how he wrestles with making aesthetic sense of the transforming world around him.

Map of China

Rising Inequality and Growing Segregation

A slew of recent reports gives us a picture of rising inequality. A report from the US Census revealed that the 60 percent that make between $20,000 and $101,000 earn around 46 percent of all income. That is a fall from 50 percent in 1990. The top five percent who earn more than $186,999 were the biggest gainers, increasing their share of national income. The income redistribution is a twenty-year trend that signals and embodies the rise of the superrich as important claimant on national income and as powerful shapers of political discourse. A report from the Federal Reserve released this summer shows that the Great Recession destroyed middle-income gains made over the past twenty years.

 The Pew Research Center also released a report this summer that showed the rich and poor are becoming more segregated. The percentage of rich households living in affluent areas doubled between 1980 and 2010. Just as income inequality is increasing, so is residential segregation. We get ideas about the world from our neighbors: when they begin to look increasingly like us we lose a sense of the other, the different and especially those with rapidly divergent economic trajectories. As we are becoming more unequal we are also losing touch with those different from ourselves.

 Another report from Sentier Research has an equally dramatic finding. While all cohorts aged 25 to 64 experienced drops in their income between 2009 and 2012, those aged 65 and above saw increases of 6.5 percent for the 65s-74s and 2.9 percent for the 75s and older. Many older Americans, because of their index-linked Social Security and stock portfolios (for the wealthiest at least), on average, are doing better than younger Americans. In some cases these differences even out as families pool money in intergenerational transfers of wealth and income. However, such transfers weaken as family size decreases, generations splinter and the elderly break away into gated communities. Inequality is increasing by age as well as income. Unemployment, for example, is borne more heavily by the young. Across Europe, youth unemployment rates are much higher than average unemployment rates. In Greece and Spain unemployment rates for those aged 15 to 25 is 52 percent. The national figures are 24 and 25 percent, respectively. That is why you see so many young demonstrators in the street. In the US, while the national unemployment rate hovers around 8 percent, youth unemployed is 14. 5 percent. 

Diverging economic conditions faced by young and old as well as rich and poor. We are becoming more unequal but also becoming more separated: the rich from the poor, the old from the young.

Watching in The USA

I love the Summer Olympics. All that competitive effort and skill, grace and beauty compacted into two weeks. It is a great time to watch sports television. Unless you are watching commercial TV. And especially if you are watching commercial TV in the USA where there is not only a five-hour delay between London’s and my East Coast time zones that softens the hard and charged impact of watching something in the shared real time as the event: the main problem is the network coverage itself. For US commercial television, sports events are ideal fillers for advertising. A typical NFL game lasts for close to three hours, with more than 45 minutes devoted to selling beer, fast food, cars and trucks. One of the pair of commentators assigned to every game spends as much time touting the network’s schedule as they do calling the game. In the universe of US commercial television, coverage time expands to fill the commercial opportunities available. The last three minutes of an NBA game can take up to 20 minutes in your time, as every break in play provides another opportunity to sell you something. Soccer is less popular amongst broadcast networks because the constant and uninterrupted play, unlike the staccato cadence of US football, basketball and baseball, provides fewer natural breaks for advertising.

For NBC, then, the Olympics is less sporting event, more giant advertising opportunity, an opportunity not to be passed up. The time delay with the London Olympics gives the network even more time to package even more adverts into their coverage, to spin out any single event with a constant and mind-numbing, repetitive barrage of adverts and the promotion of upcoming shows. Their sheer number blunts your senses for truly enjoying sports action. The sporting triumphs are brief interludes between extended commercial pablum. And then there are the very curious programming decisions. Entire NBC-affiliated cable channels are devoted to basketball and soccer, hardly unique as televised sport. On the main network’s prime time, from 8 pm to 11 pm, fare such as women’s beach volleyball gets incessant coverage. We see endless hours of two US women in skimpy bikinis, even all of their preliminary games. Even gold medaling US athletes are given short shrift while women ‘s beach volleyball is in play. A medal performance in the women’s 8 in rowing or in shooting is lucky to get a 30-second nod, between four minutes of GE product placement. The constant ogling of women’s beach volleyball is disconcerting and makes me feel as if I wandered into a soft porn viewing from long ago. And like most pornography ultimately boring: in this case only two players with little opportunity for sustained rallies. The programming decision looks as if it was devised by a groping voyeur more interested in seeing half-naked bodies than athleticisms at their finest. It is the age-old alignment of creepy voyeurism with selling products.

 Watching prime time coverage of the Olympics in the USA is a bleak experience. Actual sporting events are like tiny crumbs spread across a vast gray ocean of banal, repetitive advertising. Even the smartness of the clever adverts soon fades with constant repetition. In any hour of watching there must be at least 30 minutes of breaks. One evening after the 8.00 pm start, I clocked the first commercial break at 8.03. The Olympics is a great event for the television viewer. In much of the world it probably is. But not in the US, especially for those more TV-dependent than Internet savvy.

Watching NBC prime time television coverage is not a gold medal experience.